Perspectives

Pavlov (1927), founder of classical conditioning used dogs in his experiments. The key terms within his experiment were arousal and response. The unconditioned arousal of the claws solicitude would be the presence of animals and the unconditioned response would be the bearing of crying. The unconditioned response would gravel conditioned as Its associated with the stimulus (Doherty, Hughes, 2009). mule driver (1966) developed operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement or punishment to elicit changes in way.He found reinforced behavior becomes strengthened and tell whereas behavior not reinforced becomes extinct and weakened. For squirt X, his previous receive with animals whitethorn halt been negative therefore he whitethorn pick out the experience not to occur again (Miller, 2011). Watson (1924) believed Individual differences and experiences mould our behavior as emphasized below. Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my give special world to bring t hem up in and Ill guarantee to nonplus each one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select (quoted in Schaffer, 2004, peg. 336). Influenced by Pavlov, Watson believed behavior can be controlled through with(predicate) understanding relationships between stimulus and response. Child Axs home or educational setting could change to vary a pet policy within the purlieu, to become confident to pass his fear. Bandeau (1986) emphasized on behavior as imitation with quad elements attention, mental representation, mitotic response and motivation. Child X could energize seen someone exhibit negative affection towards an animal (attention allowing him to remember his observations (mental representation).This may be the movement as to how he be pisss In the same way (mitotic response) when he matte the urge to cry (motivation) (Levine, Munich, 2011 This hypothesis highlights people learn from imitation as a direct reinforcement of their own behavior withi n their environment. The psychodrama arise focuses on the role of internal processes. In shaping personalizedity, and thereby behavior. (Clansman, Had, 2009, peg. 224) our preconscious mentality or they ar totally inaccessible within our unconscious mind mind mind.Our unconscious thoughts can become conscious through dream interpretation, free tie-up and transference. Many unconscious thoughts are experiences best forgotten (Gross, 2010). Child X could have experienced a negative incident with animals causing him to quash this event from his mind. Freud distinguishd three structures of personality resulting in clashes. Old is the fundamental personality wanting everything and will do anything to feed its desires through operational a pleasure principle. For child X, the id would puddle him cry while facial expression at animals making it uncontrollable.Superego is the sensible structure conditioned by the environment and has a conscience of both right and wrong, so woul d tell child X not to seek attention by crying. Ego is a mediator between id and superego therefore controls both structures (Hermann, 1994). However, as child X grows older, his superego ill control his id through moral principles resisting temptations of crying. Humanists are optimistic and recognize behavior through own free will (Gross, 2010). Mason (1968) and Rogers (1951) regarded personal growth and fulfillment in life as basic mankind nature.Both theorists emphasis on growth and fulfillment for a person to be able to self-actualities (Nee, 1996). Mason believes individuals have capability to leave towards the level of self- actualisation highlighted through hierarchical points (see appendix 1). However, if there is a failure to bear overturn level needs, progression to the next stage is delayed. Although there are many needs to be met at the bottom there is a potential to procure for all (Nee, 1996). Child X may have experienced a dangerous situation with an animal th erefore his refuge needs would need to be met for him to progress onto the next stage.Rogers believed humans have one basic aim to self-actualities by fulfilling their own potential. His theory highlights vanity as the real self and the ideal self. Being able to achieve what one is capable of allows self-actualization and positive regard from others to promote self-esteem (Doherty, Hughes, 2009). If child X was shown positive regard when in the presence of animals, he may remove his fear and begin to self-actualities. Cognitive psychology is concerned with Perception, learning, memory, language, emotion, opinion formation and thinking. (Essence, 1995, peg. L) Cosmogonists view people and their environment as important. Piglets (1969) constructivist theory is base on age ability of stage learning. His theory describes childrens opinion on their world (Levine, Munich, 2011). Pigged identified four stages of learning (see appendix 2) believing away experiences shape childrens org anization of the world. Reflecting on Piglets stages, child X would be in the very early stages of the pre-operational stage as he cannot see his fear of animals from another perspective.Using symbolic features within this stage may allow him to make links between reality and fantasy (Dates, Grayson, 2004) forming close links to the psychodrama progress regarding accessing the unconscious mind. Child X may not access his unconscious mind due to unpleasant past experience. Weights (1978) emphasized social interactions through scaffolding and understanding of the world (Curtis, Change, 2005). Like Pigged, he constructed a stage theory (see appendix 3). Child X may understand emotions and experiences if association is stored within him.Making him understand there is nothing to fear about with animals, may be beyond his intellectual capability because of his global developmental delay. He may not have reached the stage of maturity within strike to remove his fears. However, through r econstruction and social interactions, he may become used to the presence of animals within his environment. The cultural context within stages may influence his fear as family contexts may imply a no pets policy, Hereford imitating the family attitude.Behaviorists emphasis on connections between the environment and the behavior and switch off physiological and cognitive events occurring. Pavlov and Skinner experimented on animals whereas Bandeau and Watson experimented with children. The behaviorism perspective is concerned with nurture as the environment is the stimulus of its theories. It does not overhear into perspective holism, therefore against the humanistic approach (Clansman, Had, 2009). Humanists found the psychodrama approach to be too pessimistic in comparison to their optimistic approach.This approach is individualistic and studies internal world of the person rather than external. Measles hierarchy suggests wretched upwards in regards to achievement similar to the stage theories for other perspectives. Although his theory is not age related, it is similar to Hoosegows as individuals progress accordingly. However, Pigged identified children cannot progress onto the next stage without having developed fully in the previous. All these theorists have one thing in common failure to meet lower level needs results in a delay or fastening to develop (Gross, 2010).